For several decades, researchers have explored how patient–provider relationships can influence chronic illness care and outcomes. The domains of patient–provider communication – such as shared decision-making, trust and/or respect, and mutual understanding regarding treatment plans – are increasingly central to patient-centered models of care delivery. For example, new diabetes treatment guidelines call for individualizing clinical control targets, taking into consideration patient health status and risk factors, as well as psychological, social and economic conditions. Actively engaging patients in setting treatment goals by assessing and incorporating their capacities, desires and values inherently requires effective patient–provider communication strategies.