The IDF Diabetes Atlas also includes estimates of the number of people with undiagnosed diabetes and hyperglycaemia in pregnancy, as well as global and regional estimates of annual diabetes-related mortality and health expenditure. Regional overviews summarise challenges in Africa, Europe, Middle East and North Africa, North America and Caribbean, South and Central America, South-East Asia, and the Western Pacific regions. Global issues in diabetes, including diabetic retinopathy, diabetes in Indigenous peoples, and diabetes in rural communities are described.